What Is the Quraysh Tribe of Mecca

The Quraysh was a powerful merchant tribe of the Arabian Peninsula in the seventh century. It controlled Mecca, where it was the custodian of the Kaaba, the sacred Pagan shrine and destination for pilgrims that became Islams most sacred shrine. The Quraysh tribe was named after a man named Fihr—one of the most important and famous chiefs in Arabia. The word Quraysh means one who collects or one who searches. The word Quraysh may also be spelled Quraish,  Kuraish,  or Koreish, among many other alternative spellings. Prophet Muhammad and the Quraysh The Prophet Muhammad was born into the Banu Hashim clan of the Quraysh tribe, but he was expelled from it once he began preaching Islam and monotheism. For the next 10 years following the Prophet Muhammads expulsion, his men and the Quraysh fought three major battles—after which Prophet Muhammad seized control of the Kaaba from the Quraysh tribe. Quraysh in the Quran The first four caliphs of Muslims were from the Quraysh tribe.  The Quraysh is the only tribe to whom a whole surah, or chapter—albeit a brief one of just two verses—is dedicated in the Quran: For the protection of Quraysh: their protection in their summer and winter journeyings. Therefore let them worship the Lord of this House who fed them in the days of famine and shielded them from all peril. (Surah 106:1-2) Quraysh Today The bloodlines of the many branches of the Quraysh tribe (there were 10 clans within the tribe) are spread far and wide in Arabia—and the Quraysh tribe is still the biggest in Mecca. Therefore, successors still exist today.

Bridget Bishop First Salem Witch Execution, 1692

Bridget Bishop was accused as a witch in the Salem witch trials of 1692. She was the first person executed in the trials. Why Was She Accused? Some historians speculate that a reason Bridget Bishop was accused in the 1692 Salem witchcraft craze was that her second husbands children wanted the property that she had possession of as an inheritance from Oliver. Other historians classify her as someone who was an easy target because her behavior was often disagreeable in a community that valued harmony and obedience to authority, or because she violated community norms by having associated with the wrong people, keeping unseasonable hours, hosting drinking and gambling parties, and behaving immorally. She was known for publicly fighting with her husbands (she was in her third marriage when accused in 1692). She was known for wearing a scarlet bodice, considered a bit less Puritan than was acceptable to some in the community. Previous Accusations of Witchcraft Bridget Bishop had earlier been accused of witchcraft after her second husbands death, though she was acquitted of those charges.  William Stacy claimed hed been frightened by Bridget Bishop fourteen years before and that she had caused the death of his daughter. Others accused her of appearing as a specter and abusing them. She angrily denied the accusations, at one point saying I am innocent to a Witch. I know not what a Witch is. A magistrate responded, How can you know, you are no Witch ... [and] yet not know what a Witch is? Her husband testified first that hed heard her accused before of witchcraft, and then that she was a witch. A more serious charge against Bishop came when two men shed hired to work on her cellar testified that they had found poppits in the walls: rag dolls with pins in them. While some might consider spectral evidence suspect, such evidence was considered to be even stronger. But the spectral evidence was also offered, including several men testifying that she had visited them -- in spectral form -- in bed at night. Salem Witch Trials: Arrested, Accused, Tried and Convicted On April 16, 1692, the accusations in Salem first involved Bridget Bishop.   On April 18, Bridget Bishop was arrested with others and taken to Ingersolls Tavern. The following day, magistrates John Hathorne and Jonathan Corwin examined Abigail Hobbs, Bridget Bishop, Giles Corey, and Mary Warren. On June 8, Bridget Bishop was tried before the Court of Oyer and Terminer on its first day in session. She was convicted of the charges and sentenced to death.  Nathaniel Saltonstall, one of the justices on the court, resigned, probably because of the death sentence. Death Sentence While she was not among the first to be accused, she was the first to be tried in that court, the first to be sentenced, and the first to die. She was executed by hanging on Gallows Hill on June 10. Bridget Bishops (assumed) stepson, Edward Bishop, and his wife, Sarah Bishop, were also arrested and charged as witches. They escaped the jail and hid until the witchcraft craze had ended. Their property was seized, however, and later redeemed by their son. Exoneration A 1957 an act of the Massachusetts legislature exonerated Bridget Bishop of her conviction, though without mentioning her by name.

Water Contamination Caused By Hydraulic Fracturing

Water Contamination Due to Hydraulic Fracturing in Pennsylvania Natural gas is a fossil fuel that plays a critical role in the demand and supply of energy in the United States. It is considered to be a clean burning transition fuel. Compared to coal and oil, natural gas combustion does not generate as much pollution and is therefore considered an ideal partner for renewable energy resources. Natural gas is extracted from shale formations underground that require horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing – â€Å"hydrofracking† or â€Å"fracking†. This drilling and extraction method is currently considered a global widespread issue due to the rapid increase in the amount of new gas wells that threatens the quality of water around the source (Entriken, Evans-White, Johnson Hagenbuch, 2011). Hydraulic Fracturing is a process where high-pressure fracking fluids are forced into rich shale to extract natural resources. These fracking fluids are a mixture of proppant s and â€Å"chemical additives such as surfactants, biocides, fiction reducers and other compounds meant to help in the process of freeing the trapped gas†. In addition, the million gallons of water injected along with the fracking fluids return as flowback water and this produced water have the â€Å"potential to mix with nearby aquifers and surface water†. As a result, there is a considerable amount of public concern about water contamination due to this process of hydrofracking (Thurman, Ferrer, Biotevogel Borch, 2014). BecauseShow MoreRelatedHydraulic Fracturing And Its Effects On The Environment1737 Words   |  7 PagesHydraulic Fracturing has led to less cases of contamination than any other method of oil extraction, which is contrary to popular belief. There have been many useful regulations that turned a once feared industry to an environmentally safe, highly profitable industry. 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The Great Gatsby free essay sample

For the Love of Wealth, Power and Freedom Cars are a symbol of power which has close ties with wealth. The American Dream was originally about finding happiness in the small things but by the 1920’s and 30’s the thirst for wealth tainted the American Dream causing many to believe that money would bring happiness. Through the desire to obtain wealth and â€Å"happiness† cars became significant. Cars were seen as a higher status and gave Americans a sense of freedom. Wealth, freedom, and power were the only things that the characters in The Great Gatsby cared about. Rolls Royce made more than half aircraft engines used by the Allies in World War I. The Phantom I was the replacement for the Silver Ghost, presented in 1925 as New Phantom. Rolls-Royce had a factory in Springfield, USA where at first the Silver Ghost, and then the Phantom I was built, too. The Phantom I was replaced by the Phantom II (Gruszczynski). In addition, because Buchanan is of the â€Å"old money† East Egg ilk, he treats those self-made (such as Gatsby) with conceited contempt. For example he describes Gatsby, despite his vast wealth, as â€Å"Mr. Nobody from Nowhere†. This conceited disposition means he spends money freely and treats people poorly without any justification, an truly unpleasant characteristics. Fitzgerald focuses descriptions of Buchanan on his physicality. His wife Daisy describes him as â€Å" a brute of a man, a great, big, hulking physical specimen†. Buchanan’s appearance is linked to his physical behavior and his need to be in control at all times. According to Nick Caraway the narrator, his clothes fail to hide his â€Å"cruel body†, just as his sophistication and money can’t hide his brutal nature. Moreover, Buchanan is cold and rude in a constant effort to demonstrate his superiority and control over others. WHen he is buying Myrtle a dog he challenges the salesman, â€Å"That’s no police dog†, and then overrules him, â€Å"‘It’s a bitch,’ said Tom decisively†. Interestingly, in this exchange Buchanan also shows a disregard for money which lets him control the lower classes. When he says â€Å"Here’s your money. Go and buy ten more dogs†, Buchanan simultaneously insults the salesman by implying he’s dishonestly overpriced the dog, while showing that he is so wealthy it doesn’t matter to him how much the dog costs. Lastly, Tom’s language also shows that he likes to be in control, he regularly uses the personal pronoun â€Å"I†, for example telling Nick â€Å"I’ve got a nice place here† rather than â€Å"we’ve†, thus he excludes Daisy. Continuing on with these characteristics Fitzgerald consistently portrays Buchanan as a bully. Buchanan bullies both verbally and physically. On the verbal side of his actions Buchanan silences any opposition by interrupting and talking over other people. In his first appearance, he interrupts both Daisy and Jordan so he can make his point. Moreover, Tom uses orders to control people, he ends his first conversation with Nick by turning him around â€Å"abruptly† and telling him â€Å"We’ll go inside. † Lastly, in Chapter 7 he verbally insults Gatsby in an attempt to drive Daisy back into his arms. Such a vitriolic attack causes Daisy to beg â€Å"Please, Tom! I can’t stand this any more. † and causes the reader to view Buchanan as an even more unpleasant person. To make matters even worse, Buchanan shows he is also vindictive, after he’s ended Gatsby’s dalliance with Daisy he makes them travel home together, almost adding insult to injury as he knows that Gatsby is no longer a threat to him. Fitzgerald also displays Buchanan’s stupidity, or at the very least general ignorance, and his incredibly prejudiced views. Of course, often Fitzgerald displays both these attributes at the same time. Fitzgerald tells us Buchanan is a racist who worries that immigrants will challenge his privileged existence. He fears that ‘the white race will be utterly submerged’ and that society will one day allow â€Å"intermarriage between black and white†. Buchanan’s racism could be a front for his fear that the â€Å"new rich† will over turn the class system that he so much enjoys being on top of. His lack of intelligence and racism is also shown very well in Chapter 1 where he gives an incoherent argument about the collapse of the â€Å"Nordic† rule of civilization (of which he believed himself and Nick to be a part of). Of course a lack of intelligence does not make a character unpleasant, however, in Buchanan’s case his stupidity is shown through his racist remarks which is really rather unpleasant. Lastly, throughout the entire book Fitzgerald shows the reader the hypocrisy of the ‘Jazz Age’ or the ‘Roaring Twenties’ and this is reflected in Buchanan’s actions. Firstly, he is appalled when he learns of Daisy’s affair with Gatsby, but he is himself a serial philanderer. In addition, he criticises Gatsby for â€Å"sneering at family life†, but â€Å"was God knows where† when his daughter was born. In fact, whilst Buchanan sets a high level of class and moral standard to others, Nick notes that he moves â€Å"from libertine to prig† and thus has no morals himself. Furthermore, in accordance with the time period Buchanan’s wealth and sense of superiority makes him â€Å"careless† and uncaring. Nick summarises Tom and Daisy’s behavior when he says â€Å"they smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money and let other people clean up the mess † This lack of care, this â€Å"careless[ness]† is an unpleasant characteristic. In conclusion, the entirety of Buchanan’s character is unpleasant. Not only is he controlling, selfish, a bully, a hypocrite and a racist but he is so confident and sure in his decisions and actions that it is even more unpleasant. Fitzgerald shows that Buchanan is not only an unpleasant man, but that through his sense of entitlement he is â€Å"careless† and has no regard for anyone or anything else other than himself. That is without doubt his most unpleasant trait.